Pulse Rates
For small dogs, the pulse rate should be between 100-160. Large dogs’ pulse rate should fall between 60-100. Cats’ pulse rate should range between 160-220. To check the pulse, use your middle and index finger to lightly press at the inner thigh, just below the wrist (carpus), or just below the ankle (hock). Practice finding the pulse rate on dogs and cats before an emergency occurs.
Temperature
A normal temperature for a dog is between 100.5-102.5 degrees Fahrenheit. Dogs with temperatures above 104 degrees should be taken to a vet. A normal temperature for a cat is 100.4-102.5 degrees Fahrenheit. Cats with temperatures over 103.5 degrees Fahrenheit should be taken to a vet. Since our normal temperature is lower than a dog or cats, they may feel warm to our touch. Use a pediatric rectal or digital thermometer to verify the pet’s temperature.
Normal Breathing Rates
A normal breathing rate for a dog is 10-30 breaths per minute or up to 200 pants per minute. The normal breathing rate for a cat is 20-30 breaths per minute. Cats do not normally pant for more than a few minutes at a time. If panting appears to go on longer, treat it as an emergency.
Mucous Membrane Color
By observing the color of the pet’s mucous membranes, you can determine if enough oxygen is making it into the animal’s blood stream. To check the color of the mucous membranes, lift the animal’s upper or lower lip and observe the color of the gums or inner lip. Some breeds have naturally black (pigmented) mucous membranes. If this is the case with the animal you are working with, place your thumb on the skin just under the lower eyelid and gently pull down and observe the color of the membranes of the inner lower eyelid. Normal color is pink, which this means the animal’s tissues are receiving enough oxygen. Blue, pale, yellow, white brick red or brown mucous membranes are an emergency.
Capillary Refill Time
This is the time it takes the gums or inner lips to return to their normal pink color after you press them. This is a quick way to see if blood circulation is normal. Normal refill time is one or two seconds. Capillary refill times of less than one second or more than three seconds are an emergency
*The information on emergencies and first aid were taken from the book, Pet First Aid, written by Bobbie Mammato, D.V. M., MPH. This is the manual that the American Red Cross and the Humane Society of the United States distribute.